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Using R to Work with GSS Survey Data: Cross Tabulation Tables

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Using R to Work with GSS Survey Data: Viewing Datasets and Performing Cross Tabulations

A tutorial by D. M. Wiig

In a previous tutorial I discussed how to import datasets from the NORC General Social Science Survey using R to write the SPSS formatted data to an R data frame. Once the data has been imported into the R working environment it can be viewed and analyzed. There is a wealth of survey research data available at the NORC web site located at www.norc.org. In this tutorial the dataset gss2010.sav will be used. The dataset is available from www3.norc.org/GSS+Website.

From that page click on the “Quick Downloads” link on the right hand side of the page to access the list of available datasets. From the next page choose SPSS to access ‘.sav’ format files and finally “2010” under the heading “GSS 1972-2012 Release 6.” Please note that this is a rather large data file with 2044 observations of 794 variables. Download the file to a directory that you can access from your R console.

As discussed in a previous tutorial the SPSS format file can be loaded into an R data frame. Make sure that the R packages Hmisc and foreign have been installed and loaded before attempting to import the SPSS file. The following code will load the ‘.sav’ file:

>install.packages(“Hmisc”) #need for file import

>install.packages(“foreign”) #need for file import

>#get spss gss file and put into data frame

>library(Hmisc)

>gssdataframe <- spss.get(“/path-to-your-file/GSS2010.sav”, use.value.labels=TRUE)

Once the file is read into an R data frame it can be viewed in a spreadsheet like interface by using the command:

>View(gssdataframe)

Using the arrow keys, the home key, end key, and the page up and page down keys allows navigating and browsing the file.

Survey data such as that found in the GSS file is usually a mixture of data types ranging from ratio level numbers to categorical data. Cross tabulations are often used to explore relationships among variables that are ordinal or categorical in nature. R has a number of functions available for cross tabulations. The Table function is a quick way to generate a cross tabulation table with a number of options available. The following results in a frequency table of the variables “partyid” and “polviews” both of which are measured in categories:

>#use the gssdataframe

>#the variables partyid and polviews are used

>attach(gssdataframe)

>#create a table named ‘gsstable’

>gsstable <- table(partyid, polviews)

>gsstable #print table frequencies

The following output results:

                   polviews
partyid              EXTREMELY LIBERAL LIBERAL SLIGHTLY LIBERAL MODERATE
  STRONG DEMOCRAT                   41     105               42       94
  NOT STR DEMOCRAT                  14      62               57      154
  IND,NEAR DEM                      11      47               57      103
  INDEPENDENT                        5      20               33      189
  IND,NEAR REP                       1       4               16       74
  NOT STR REPUBLICAN                 2      10               16       88
  STRONG REPUBLICAN                  0       5                5       22
  OTHER PARTY                        1       5                6       16
                    polviews
partyid              SLGHTLY CONSERVATIVE CONSERVATIVE EXTRMLY CONSERVATIVE
  STRONG DEMOCRAT                      22           25                    6
  NOT STR DEMOCRAT                     28           16                    7
  IND,NEAR DEM                         25           11                    5
  INDEPENDENT                          43           32                    9
  IND,NEAR REP                         49           43                    8
  NOT STR REPUBLICAN                   72           72                   13
  STRONG REPUBLICAN                    23          101                   27
  OTHER PARTY                           3           12                    4

>

There are options available with the Table function that include calculating row and column marginal totals as well a cell percentages. Another quick method to generate tables is with the CrossTable function. The function is contained in the gmodels package and can be used on the table generated with the Table function above. Use the following lines of code to generate a cross table between ‘polviews’ and ‘partyid’ using the gsstable created above:

>library(gmodels)

>#produce basic crosstabs

>CrossTable(gsstable,prop.t=FALSE,prop.r=FALSE,prop.c=FALSE,chisq=TRUE,format=c(“SPSS”))

>

Cell Contents
|-------------------------|
|                   Count |
| Chi-square contribution |
|-------------------------|

Total Observations in Table:  1961 

                   | polviews 
           partyid |    EXTREMELY LIBERAL  |              LIBERAL  |     SLIGHTLY LIBERAL  |             MODERATE  | SLGHTLY CONSERVATIVE  |         CONSERVATIVE  | EXTRMLY CONSERVATIVE  |            Row Total | 
-------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|
   STRONG DEMOCRAT |                  41  |                 105  |                  42  |                  94  |                  22  |                  25  |                   6  |                 335  | 
                   |              62.014  |              84.219  |               0.141  |               8.312  |              11.962  |              15.026  |               4.163  |                      | 
-------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|
  NOT STR DEMOCRAT |                  14  |                  62  |                  57  |                 154  |                  28  |                  16  |                   7  |                 338  | 
                   |               0.089  |               6.911  |               7.238  |               5.486  |               6.840  |              26.537  |               3.215  |                      | 
-------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|
      IND,NEAR DEM |                  11  |                  47  |                  57  |                 103  |                  25  |                  11  |                   5  |                 259  | 
                   |               0.121  |               4.902  |              22.674  |               0.284  |               2.857  |              22.144  |               2.830  |                      | 
-------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|
       INDEPENDENT |                   5  |                  20  |                  33  |                 189  |                  43  |                  32  |                   9  |                 331  | 
                   |               4.634  |              12.733  |               0.969  |              32.889  |               0.067  |               8.107  |               1.409  |                      | 
-------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|
      IND,NEAR REP |                   1  |                   4  |                  16  |                  74  |                  49  |                  43  |                   8  |                 195  | 
                   |               5.592  |              18.279  |               2.167  |               0.002  |              19.466  |               4.622  |               0.003  |                      | 
-------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|
NOT STR REPUBLICAN |                   2  |                  10  |                  16  |                  88  |                  72  |                  72  |                  13  |                 273  | 
                   |               6.824  |              18.702  |               8.224  |               2.190  |              33.411  |              18.786  |               0.364  |                      | 
-------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|
 STRONG REPUBLICAN |                   0  |                   5  |                   5  |                  22  |                  23  |                 101  |                  27  |                 183  | 
                   |               6.999  |              15.115  |              12.805  |              32.065  |               0.121  |             177.476  |              52.256  |                      | 
-------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|
       OTHER PARTY |                   1  |                   5  |                   6  |                  16  |                   3  |                  12  |                   4  |                  47  | 
                   |               0.354  |               0.227  |               0.035  |               0.170  |               1.768  |               2.735  |               2.344  |                      | 
-------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|
      Column Total |                  75  |                 258  |                 232  |                 740  |                 265  |                 312  |                  79  |                1961  | 
-------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|

 
Statistics for All Table Factors


Pearson's Chi-squared test 
------------------------------------------------------------
Chi^2 =  801.8746     d.f. =  42     p =  3.738705e-141 


 
       Minimum expected frequency: 1.797552 
Cells with Expected Frequency < 5: 2 of 56 (3.571429%)

Warning message:
In chisq.test(t, correct = FALSE, ...) :
  Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect

>

This code produces a table of frequencies along with a basic Ch-squared test. Other options include generating cell percentages and using either SPSS or SAS table format. This is accomplished by changing the appropriate flag from FALSE to TRUE and specifying either SPSS or SAS for the format flag. The table formatting is compressed in this example due to the narrow margin requirements of the web page.  Use the scroll bar at the bottom of the page to view the entire table.

There are many functions available in R to analyze data in tabular format. In my next tutorial I will examine using the xtabs function to produce basic cross tabulation with control variables.

R Tutorials

Using R in Nonparametric Statistics: Basic Table Analysis, Part Two

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Using R in Nonparametric Statistics: Basic Table Analysis, Part Two

A Tutorial by D.M. Wiig

As discussed in a previous tutorial one of the most common methods display ng and analyzing data is through the use of tables. In this tutorial I will discuss setting up a basic table using R and exploring the use of the CrossTable function that is available in the R ‘gmodel’ package. I will use the same hypothetical data table that I created in Part One of this tutorial, data that examines the relationship between income and political party identification among a group of registered voters. The variable “income” will be considered ordinal in nature and consists of categories of income in thousands as follows:

“< 25”; “25-50”; “51-100” and “>100”

Political party identification is nominal in nature with the following categories:

“Dem”, “Rep”, “Indep”

Frequency counts of individuals that fall into each category are numeric. In the first example we will create a table by entering the data as a data frame and displaying the results. When using this method it is a good idea to set up the table on paper before entering the data into R. This will help to make sure that all cases and factors are entered correctly. The table I want to generate will look like this:

party
income                Dem Rep Indep
<25 1                          5     5      10
26-50                      20    15    15
51-100                  10     20    10
>100                        5       30    10

When using the CrossTable() function the data should be entered in matrix format. Enter the data from the table above as follows:

>#enter data as table matrix creating the variable ‘Partyid’
>#enter the frequencies
>Partyid <-matrix(c(15,20,10,5, 5,15,20,30, 10,15,10,10),4,3)
>#enter the column dimension names and column heading categories
>dimnames(Partyid) = list(income=c(“<25”, “25-50″,”51-100”, “>100”), party=c(“Dem”,”Rep”,”Indep”))

To view the structue of the created data matrix use the command:

> str(Partyid)
num [1:4, 1:3] 15 20 10 5 5 15 20 30 10 15 …
– attr(*, “dimnames”)=List of 2
..$ income: chr [1:4] “<25” “25-50” “51-100” “>100”
..$ party : chr [1:3] “Dem” “Rep” “Indep”
>

To view the table use the command:

> Partyid
                                                     party
income                       Dem Rep Indep
<25                                   15     5      10
25-50                             20     15    15
51-100                         10      20   10
>100                               5        30   10
>  

Remember that R is case sensitive so make sure you use upper case if you named your variable ‘Partyid.’

Once the table has been entered as a matrix it can be displayed with a number of available options using the CrossTable() function. In this example I will produce a table in SAS format(default format), display both observed and expected cell frequencies, the proportion of the Chi-square total contributed by each cell, and the results of the chi-square analysis. The script is:
> #make sure gmodels package is loaded
> require(gmodels)
> #CrossTable analysis
> CrossTable(Partyid,prop.t=FALSE,prop.r=FALSE,prop.c=FALSE,expected=TRUE,chisq=TRUE,prop.chisq=TRUE)

Cell Contents
|—————————–|
|                                                    N |
|                             Expected N |
| Chi-square contribution |
|—————————-|
Total Observations in Table: 165
                                             | party
income | Dem | Rep | Indep | Row Total |
<25        |    15     | 5              | 10        | 30                   |
                 | 9.091 | 12.727 |8.182  |                          |
                 | 3.841 | 4.692 | 0.404 |                             |

25-50 |      20             15             | 15 |      |50

                 15.152 | 21.212 | 13.636 | |
               | 1.552   | 1.819    | 0.136 | |

51-100 | 10           | 20            | 10 |         40 |
              | 12.121 | 16.970 | 10.909 | |
|                 0.371 |   0.541 |    0.076 | |
————-|———–|———–|———–|———–|
>100 |        5 |          30             | 10 |        45 |
          | 13.636 | 19.091 |    12.273 | |
           | 5.470 |   6.234 |         0.421 | |
————-|———–|———–|———–|———–|
Column Total | 50 | 70 | 45 | 165 |
————-|———–|———–|———–|———–|
Statistics for All Table Factors
Pearson’s Chi-squared test
————————————————————
Chi^2 = 25.55608 d.f. = 6 p = 0.0002692734

>

As seen above row marginal totals and column marginal totals are displayed by default with the SAS format. There are other options available for the CrossTable() function. See the CRAN documentation for a detailed description of all of the options available. In the next installment of this tutorial I will examine some of the measures of association that are available in R for nominal and ordinal data displayed in a table format.